生态足迹评介及国际研究前沿   总被引：68，自引：1，他引：67  

龙爱华  张志强  苏志勇 《地球科学进展》2004,19(6):971-981

生态足迹评价方法是评估可持续发展的一个全球可比的、可测度的直观且综合的指标,有明显的政策含义,是迄今提出的评估可持续发展的众多指标中最受生态经济学界关注、推崇和广泛应用的一个指标。评介了生态足迹方法模型的优缺点,综述了国际上生态足迹研究的最新进展及研究前沿,指出了国内围绕生态足迹研究应该尽快开展的工作：①生态足迹方法模型的改进及应用研究;②丰富生态足迹方法模型携带的信息量和政策内涵;③社会经济系统新陈代谢以及人类对初级生产力的占用研究;④消费模式与全球资源和环境的压力的关系;⑤物质流核算帐户研究和生态包袱分析研究。  相似文献   

Microbial effects on geochemical behavior of arsenic in As-contaminated sediments   总被引：4，自引：0，他引：4  

J.M. Park  J.S. Lee  J.-U. Lee  H.T. Chon  M.C. Jung 《Journal of Geochemical Exploration》2006,88(1-3):134

The purpose of this study is to investigate the contamination level and chemical speciation of As in sediments from the Hwachon Au mine area, and to study the effects of indigenous bacteria on geochemical behavior of As in As-contaminated sediments from the mine. Concentrations of heavy metal and metalloids in one composite sample of 9 Hwachon sediments were 24.9 As mg/kg, 16.6 Cd mg/kg, 230 Pb mg/kg and 1080 Zn mg/kg. This indicates that this area was seriously contaminated with As, Cd and Zn. From the result of sequential extraction analysis, most of As (87.9%) existed as a phase of As which coprecipitated with Fe oxyhydroxides. Under aerobic condition, As concentration leached from sediments were 4 times higher in non-sterile than in sterile condition. This enrichment of As leaching could be caused by increase of pH and exudation secreted during microbial metabolism. On the other hand, under anaerobic condition, As concentration has dramatically increased in non-sterile solution with time. This As leaching has begun on 4–5th days of incubation and the highest concentration of 511 As μg/l was recorded on about 11th day. Arsenic leaching under anaerobic condition was caused by microbial enhancement of Fe leaching. Total Fe concentration increased from the 4th day, and this Fe leaching might cause lixiviation of As which had been coprecipitated with Fe oxyhydroxide.  相似文献   

城市新陈代谢视角下的城市公共健康风险     

张肖阳 《世界地理研究》2021,30(2):319-330

城市公共健康风险是当代城市研究的一个重要主题,在中国人文地理学界尚未得到充分关注。国内既有研究主要集中在两个维度——健康城市建设和城市风险治理,然而这些研究受到城市/自然二元论的影响。自20世纪90年代以来,城市政治生态学在西方人文地理学界迅速崛起,提出了以社会关系为核心的城市新陈代谢理论,在空间和联系两个层面将社会与自然,人类行为体与非人类行为体联系起来,实现了对二元论的超越。基于这一理论,本文从空间和联系层面对城市公共健康风险的具体形式进行分析,指出在空间层面上,存在空间流转和重叠的公共健康风险和空间生产和再生产活动的公共健康风险;就联系层面而言,存在“新陈代谢断裂”的公共健康风险和公众认知的公共健康风险。  相似文献   

社会代谢多尺度综合评估(MSIASM)的基本理论与实践   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1  

王天送 《地球科学进展》2008,23(1):63-70

社会经济系统发展与可持续性具多因素性,需要综合分析评估。“社会代谢多尺度综合评估(MSIASM)”分析方法,根据“人类活动”资源、“体外能”资源和“增加值”三者在社会经济系统中的叠合关系,将各个尺度（如国家、经济部门、次级部门、省/州、社区、直至个别家庭）上,社会经济系统的能量代谢过程（生物物理过程）,与该系统的经济（如GDP、劳动生产率）、人口（如人口的年龄结构和性别构成）、生态（如能源密度）和社会（如义务教育和退休年龄的规定）特征结合起来,利用多个关系式,计算出社会经济系统的人类活动（时间）量、体外能投入量、劳动生产率、生物—经济压力和体外能超循环强度等参数、指标,进而综合地分析评估社会经济系统发展与可持续性。对此方法的基本理论与应用作一综述。   相似文献   

Seasonal Variation of the Glycogen Enzyme Activity in Diploid and Triploid Pacific Oyster Gonad During Sexual Maturation     

KONG Lingfeng WANG Zhaoping YU Ruihai LI Qi WANG Rucai 《中国海洋大学学报(英文版)》2007,6(4):383-386

The glycogen content and the activities of two key enzymes in glycogen metabolism, glycogen phosphorylase and gly- cogen synthetase, in the gonad of diploid and triploid Pacific oysters (Crassostrea gigas) were compared during maturation. The glycogen content in the gonad of diploids decreased with gametogenesis (by 85.7%), but the glycogen content in the gonad of trip- loids did not vary significantly. Activity of glycogen phosphorylase (GP) in the gonad of diploids decreased with gametogenesis (by 55.5%), while GP activity of triploids did not vary significantly during maturation. Activity of glycogen synthetase (GS) in the gonad of diploids increased slightly with gametogenesis, reaching a peak in June. Activity of GS declined sharply from June to July, which might be due to gonad spawning. GS activity of triploid oysters in spawning time (July and August) was significantly higher than that in other months, which might be explained with a ‘compensating’ mechanism for the higher glycogen content in triploids.  相似文献   

高黎贡山不同土地类型土壤中微生物的生化活性   总被引：4，自引：1，他引：3  

张萍  郭辉军  刀志灵  龙碧云 《山地学报》2000,18(5):457-461

从高黎贡山不同土地类型土壤的理化特性及微生物特性,探讨了不同土地类型生态因子的变化及其对微生物生长代谢的作用,以及人类活动对微生物的影响。  相似文献   

Effects of waterborne nitrite onphase I–II biotransformation in channel catfish(Ictalurus punctatus)     

J. F. Gonzlez  P. L. Del Valle  S. Thohan  A. S. Kane 《Marine environmental research》2000,50(1-5)

The effects of waterborne nitrite (3 mg/l NO₂) on channel catfish were studied to evaluate changes in hematological parameters and phase I–II biotransformation in liver slices. Nitrite-exposed fish had significantly higher methemoglobin, blood and liver nitrite, and significantly lower pO₂ than control fish. Total phase I-mediated metabolism of 7-ethoxycoumarin (EC) was not altered in nitrite-exposed fish compared with control fish (291±43 and 312±20 pmol/mg/h, respectively). However, phase II glucuronosyltransferase-mediated metabolism of 7-hydroxycoumarin (HC), both as a phase I metabolite of EC and as a parent substrate, was elevated in nitrite-exposed fish (204±17 and 1007±103 pmol/mg/h, respectively) as compared to control fish (149±14 and 735±87 pmol/mg/h) (P<0.05). Sulfotransferase-mediated metabolism of HC (as a metabolite of EC and as a parent substrate) was not notably altered in nitrite-exposed fish (95±16 and 617±33 pmol/mg protein/h, respectively) as compared with control fish (118±24 and 575±55 pmol/mg/h, respectively). These studies indicate that in vivo nitrite exposure and associated changes in hematological parameters do not appear to affect hepatic phase I EC biotransformation in channel catfish. However, subtle but significant changes in phase II glucuronidation, but not sulfation activity, were observed. The mechanism of these alterations is unclear. However, the data suggest that environmentally realistic concentrations of nitrite may affect the dynamics of conjugative metabolism in exposed fish.  相似文献   

温度和盐度对两种海洋桡足类动物摄食和代谢的影响   总被引：3，自引：0，他引：3  

薛泽  朱丽岩  王博渊  刘正宇 《海洋与湖沼》2020,51(1):95-102

本研究在实验室模拟生态条件下,以两种常见的海洋桡足类动物为受试生物,着重研究了温度和盐度变化对火腿许水蚤(Schmackeria poplesia)和拟长腹剑水蚤(Oithona similis)的滤水率、摄食率、耗氧率和排氨率的影响,统筹分析了两种海洋桡足类响应温度和盐度变化的摄食与代谢策略,以期为两种海洋桡足类的室内培养提供理论支持和技术指导。结果发现:(1)在5—30°C的温度范围内两种桡足类动物的摄食与代谢均呈现随温度升高而先升高后降低的变化趋势,其中火腿许水蚤的摄食率、滤水率、耗氧率和排氨率的最大值均出现在15°C,而拟长腹剑水蚤则在25°C到达峰值,说明拟长腹剑水蚤对温度具有较高的耐受性。(2)当暴露于不同盐度(15—35)时,火腿许水蚤可在低盐度(25)条件下保持较高的摄食能力,且当盐度为25时其摄食率、滤水率达到峰值,之后便显著下降;拟长腹剑水蚤则在盐度为30时开始下降。前者的代谢能力在盐度为25时开始下降,后者在高盐度(35)时代谢能力依然有回升的趋势,说明拟长腹剑水蚤对盐度的耐受性更强。而火腿许水蚤及拟长腹剑水蚤对低盐度(20—25)有一定的偏好,二者通过强化自身代谢以抵消低盐度引起的渗透压变化对自身的影响。(3)基于氧氮比(O/N)变化的代谢作用分析显示:在整个温度梯度(10—25°C)中火腿许水蚤的氧氮比波动较大,而拟长腹剑水蚤除在高温(35°C)条件下,其氧氮比均低于24。盐度则会抑制火腿许水蚤的摄食能力从而迫使其分解体内储能物质(O/N24),而对盐度耐受性较好的拟长腹剑水蚤则可始终维持较高的摄食和代谢能力(O/N24)。因此拟长腹剑水蚤能在较大的温、盐度范围内保持稳定的氨氮代谢水平,具有更高的环境耐受性。  相似文献   

饲料蛋白质水平对大黄鱼体内蛋白质的沉积和代谢反应的影响     

林淑琴  成琳  张文兵  徐玮  麦康森  申屠基康 《中国海洋大学学报(自然科学版)》2014,44(5):32-39

进行9周的养殖实验,比较分析饲料蛋白质水平对3个不同生长阶段大黄鱼体内蛋白质沉积和代谢反应相关指标的影响。实验用大黄鱼分为3种规格,分别是小规格鱼(SF,初始体重:(12.80±0.08)g)、中规格鱼(MF,初始体重:(137.90±0.81)g)和大规格鱼(LF,初始体重:(194.10±2.37)g)。饲料中的7个蛋白质梯度设置为30.4%,34.2%,38.5%,42.2%,46.0%,50.3%和54.3%。结果表明,随着饲料蛋白质水平的上升,SF的蛋白质含量和氮保留率显著升高(P0.05),而MF和LF的全鱼蛋白质含量(BP)和氮保留率(NR)未见显著变化(P0.05)。从不同生长阶段来看,氮保留率MF显著低于SF和LF(P0.05)。3个生长阶段,大黄鱼肝脏中的谷草转氨酶(AST)和谷丙转氨酶(ALT)活性,以及血清中的血氨、尿素氮和总氨基酸含量均随着饲料蛋白质水平的上升而显著升高(P0.05)。从不同生长阶段来看,血氨含量MF显著高于SF和LF(P0.05)。研究表明,大黄鱼体内蛋白质沉积和氨基酸代谢随饲料蛋白质水平的上升而增强,大黄鱼的氮保留能力MF阶段低于SF和LF阶段。  相似文献   

不同类型糖源对大菱鲆脂肪代谢酶活性和脂肪酸组成的影响     

苗惠君  聂琴  苗淑彦  陈尘悦  李静  张文兵  麦康森 《中国海洋大学学报(自然科学版)》2014,44(4)

以初始体质量(8.77±0.16)g的大菱鲆(Scophthalmus maximus)幼鱼为研究对象,在室内流水系统中进行9周的养殖实验,比较分析饲料中3种不同类型的糖源(葡萄糖、蔗糖和糊精)对大菱鲆脂肪代谢相关酶活性和肌肉脂肪酸组成的影响。结果表明,不同类型的糖源显著影响肝脏中与脂肪合成相关的葡萄糖-6-磷酸脱氢酶(G6PD)和苹果酸酶(ME)的活性(P0.05)。饲料糖源为葡萄糖时,大菱鲆肝脏中G6PD和ME的活性显著高于其他处理组,而蔗糖和糊精处理组之间没有显著差异。对与脂肪分解代谢相关酶的活性分析表明,肠道脂肪酶的活性受饲料中不同糖源的影响显著(P0.05);肝脏脂蛋白脂酶的活性在糖源为葡萄糖时显著低于其他处理组(P0.05);不同糖源对肝脂酶的活性无显著影响(P0.05);糊精组的总脂酶活性显著高于葡萄糖组(P0.05)。葡萄糖组大菱鲆肌肉中的C16∶0和C18∶0的含量显著高于糊精组,而C16∶1和C18∶1n-9的含量显著低于糊精组(P0.05)。研究表明,饲料中不同类型的糖源对大菱鲆肌肉脂肪酸的影响集中在饱和脂肪酸和单不饱和脂肪酸上,而对多不饱和脂肪酸的影响有限。  相似文献